diff --git a/spec/acceptance/backup_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/backup_spec.rb
index bd30c6c..1989f44 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/backup_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/backup_spec.rb
@@ -1,97 +1,115 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 describe 'concat backup parameter' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
   context '=> puppet' do
+    before(:all) do
+      pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+        file { '#{basedir}/file':
+          content => "old contents\n",
+        }
+      EOS
+      apply_manifest(pp)
+    end
     pp = <<-EOS
-      file { '#{basedir}/file':
-        content => "old contents\n",
-      }
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
-        backup  => 'puppet',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
+        backup => 'puppet',
       }
       concat::fragment { 'new file':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => 'new contents',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with "Filebucketed" stdout and no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true) do |r|
         expect(r.stdout).to match(/Filebucketed #{basedir}\/file to puppet with sum 0140c31db86293a1a1e080ce9b91305f/) # sum is for file contents of 'old contents'
       end
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain 'new contents' }
     end
   end
 
   context '=> .backup' do
+    before(:all) do
+      pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+        file { '#{basedir}/file':
+          content => "old contents\n",
+        }
+      EOS
+      apply_manifest(pp)
+    end
     pp = <<-EOS
-      file { '#{basedir}/file':
-        content => "old contents\n",
-      }
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
-        backup  => '.backup',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
+        backup => '.backup',
       }
       concat::fragment { 'new file':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => 'new contents',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
       }
     EOS
 
     # XXX Puppet doesn't mention anything about filebucketing with a given
     # extension like .backup
     it 'applies the manifest twice  no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain 'new contents' }
     end
     describe file("#{basedir}/file.backup") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain 'old contents' }
     end
   end
 
   # XXX The backup parameter uses validate_string() and thus can't be the
   # boolean false value, but the string 'false' has the same effect in Puppet 3
   context "=> 'false'" do
+    before(:all) do
+      pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+        file { '#{basedir}/file':
+          content => "old contents\n",
+        }
+      EOS
+      apply_manifest(pp)
+    end
     pp = <<-EOS
-      file { '#{basedir}/file':
-        content => "old contents\n",
-      }
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
         backup => '.backup',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
       }
       concat::fragment { 'new file':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => 'new contents',
-        require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no "Filebucketed" stdout and no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true) do |r|
         expect(r.stdout).to_not match(/Filebucketed/)
       end
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain 'new contents' }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/concat_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/concat_spec.rb
index 44a9a23..31c1647 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/concat_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/concat_spec.rb
@@ -1,185 +1,210 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 case fact('osfamily')
 when 'AIX'
   username  = 'root'
   groupname = 'system'
 when 'Darwin'
   username  = 'root'
   groupname = 'wheel'
 when 'windows'
   username  = 'Administrator'
   groupname = 'Administrators'
 else
   username  = 'root'
   groupname = 'root'
 end
 
 describe 'basic concat test' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
+  safe_basedir = basedir.gsub('/','_')
 
   shared_examples 'successfully_applied' do |pp|
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat") do
       it { should be_directory }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 755
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/bin") do
+     describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/bin") do
       it { should be_directory }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 755
       }
     end
     describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/bin/concatfragments.sh") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       #it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 755
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file") do
       it { should be_directory }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 750
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file/fragments") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file/fragments") do
       it { should be_directory }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 750
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file/fragments.concat") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file/fragments.concat") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 640
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file/fragments.concat.out") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file/fragments.concat.out") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 640
       }
     end
   end
 
   context 'owner/group root' do
+    before(:all) do
+      pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+      EOS
+      apply_manifest(pp)
+    end
     pp = <<-EOS
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
         owner => '#{username}',
         group => '#{groupname}',
         mode  => '0644',
       }
 
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '1',
         order   => '01',
       }
 
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '2',
         order   => '02',
       }
     EOS
 
     it_behaves_like 'successfully_applied', pp
 
-    describe file('#{basedir}/file') do
+    describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 644
       }
       it { should contain '1' }
       it { should contain '2' }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file/fragments/01_1") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file/fragments/01_1") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 640
       }
     end
-    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/_tmp_concat_file/fragments/02_2") do
+    describe file("#{default['puppetvardir']}/concat/#{safe_basedir}_file/fragments/02_2") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should be_owned_by username }
       it { should be_grouped_into groupname }
       it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
         should be_mode 640
       }
     end
   end
 
   context 'ensure' do
     context 'works when set to present with path set' do
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
       pp="
         concat { 'file':
           ensure => present,
           path   => '#{basedir}/file',
           mode   => '0644',
         }
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => 'file',
           content => '1',
           order   => '01',
         }
       "
 
       it_behaves_like 'successfully_applied', pp
 
-      describe file('#{basedir}/file') do
+      describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_file }
         it("should be mode", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'AIX')) {
           should be_mode 644
         }
         it { should contain '1' }
       end
     end
     context 'works when set to absent with path set' do
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory,
+        }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
       pp="
         concat { 'file':
           ensure => absent,
           path   => '#{basedir}/file',
           mode   => '0644',
         }
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => 'file',
           content => '1',
           order   => '01',
         }
       "
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
-      describe file('#{basedir}/file') do
+      describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should_not be_file }
       end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/empty_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/empty_spec.rb
index 27175ab..dc57cb7 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/empty_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/empty_spec.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 describe 'concat force empty parameter' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
   context 'should run successfully' do
     pp = <<-EOS
-      include concat::setup
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
         mode  => '0644',
         force => true,
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should_not contain '1\n2' }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/newline_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/newline_spec.rb
index 95a32af..5554962 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/newline_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/newline_spec.rb
@@ -1,57 +1,65 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 describe 'concat ensure_newline parameter' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
   context '=> false' do
+    before(:all) do
+      pp = <<-EOS
+        file { '#{basedir}':
+          ensure => directory
+        }
+      EOS
+
+      apply_manifest(pp)
+    end
     pp = <<-EOS
-      include concat::setup
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
         ensure_newline => false,
       }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '1',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '2',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain '12' }
     end
   end
 
   context '=> true' do
     pp = <<-EOS
       concat { '#{basedir}/file':
         ensure_newline => true,
       }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '1',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/file',
         content => '2',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes  => true)
     end
 
-    describe file('#{basedir}/file') do
+    describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
       it { should be_file }
       it { should contain "1\n2\n" }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/order_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/order_spec.rb
index a3c80b6..fd7b05b 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/order_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/order_spec.rb
@@ -1,144 +1,143 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 describe 'concat order' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
 
   context '=> alpha' do
     pp = <<-EOS
-      include concat::setup
       concat { '#{basedir}/foo':
         order => 'alpha'
       }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string1',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string2',
       }
       concat::fragment { '10':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string10',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/foo") do
       it { should be_file }
       #XXX Solaris 10 doesn't support multi-line grep
       it("should contain string10\nstring1\nsring2", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'Solaris')) {
         should contain "string10\nstring1\nsring2"
       }
     end
   end
 
   context '=> numeric' do
     pp = <<-EOS
       concat { '#{basedir}/foo':
         order => 'numeric'
       }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string1',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string2',
       }
       concat::fragment { '10':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string10',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/foo") do
       it { should be_file }
       #XXX Solaris 10 doesn't support multi-line grep
       it("should contain string1\nstring2\nsring10", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'Solaris')) {
         should contain "string1\nstring2\nsring10"
       }
     end
   end
 end # concat order
 
 describe 'concat::fragment order' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
 
   context '=> reverse order' do
     pp = <<-EOS
       concat { '#{basedir}/foo': }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string1',
         order   => '15',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string2',
         # default order 10
       }
       concat::fragment { '3':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string3',
         order   => '1',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/foo") do
       it { should be_file }
       #XXX Solaris 10 doesn't support multi-line grep
       it("should contain string3\nstring2\nsring1", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'Solaris')) {
         should contain "string3\nstring2\nsring1"
       }
     end
   end
 
   context '=> normal order' do
     pp = <<-EOS
       concat { '#{basedir}/foo': }
       concat::fragment { '1':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string1',
         order   => '01',
       }
       concat::fragment { '2':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string2',
         order   => '02'
       }
       concat::fragment { '3':
         target  => '#{basedir}/foo',
         content => 'string3',
         order   => '03',
       }
     EOS
 
     it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
       apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
     end
 
     describe file("#{basedir}/foo") do
       it { should be_file }
       #XXX Solaris 10 doesn't support multi-line grep
       it("should contain string1\nstring2\nsring3", :unless => (fact('osfamily') == 'Solaris')) {
         should contain "string1\nstring2\nsring3"
       }
     end
   end
 end # concat::fragment order
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/replace_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/replace_spec.rb
index 88e3524..c200cb2 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/replace_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/replace_spec.rb
@@ -1,230 +1,256 @@
 require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
 
 describe 'replacement of' do
   basedir = default.tmpdir('concat')
   context 'file' do
     context 'should not succeed' do
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+          file { '#{basedir}':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+          file { '#{basedir}/file':
+            content => "file exists\n"
+          }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
       pp = <<-EOS
-        file { '#{basedir}/file':
-          content => "file exists\n"
-        }
         concat { '#{basedir}/file':
           replace => false,
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_file }
         it { should contain 'file exists' }
         it { should_not contain '1' }
         it { should_not contain '2' }
       end
     end
 
     context 'should succeed' do
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+          file { '#{basedir}':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+          file { '#{basedir}/file':
+            content => "file exists\n"
+          }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
       pp = <<-EOS
-        file { '#{basedir}/file':
-          content => "file exists\n"
-        }
         concat { '#{basedir}/file':
           replace => true,
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
-          require => File['#{basedir}/file'],
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_file }
         it { should_not contain 'file exists' }
         it { should contain '1' }
         it { should contain '2' }
       end
     end
   end # file
 
   context 'symlink' do
     context 'should not succeed' do
       # XXX the core puppet file type will replace a symlink with a plain file
       # when using ensure => present and source => ... but it will not when using
       # ensure => present and content => ...; this is somewhat confusing behavior
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+          file { '#{basedir}':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+          file { '#{basedir}/file':
+            ensure => link,
+            target => '#{basedir}/dangling',
+          }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
 
       pp = <<-EOS
-        file { '#{basedir}/file':
-          content => "file exists\n"
-        }
-        file { '{basedir}/dangling':
-          ensure => link,
-          target => File['#{basedir}/file'],
-        }
         concat { '#{basedir}/file':
           replace => false,
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
       # XXX specinfra doesn't support be_linked_to on AIX
       describe file("#{basedir}/file"), :unless => (fact("osfamily") == "AIX") do
         it { should be_linked_to "#{basedir}/dangling" }
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/dangling") do
         # XXX serverspec does not have a matcher for 'exists'
         it { should_not be_file }
         it { should_not be_directory }
       end
     end
 
     context 'should succeed' do
       # XXX the core puppet file type will replace a symlink with a plain file
       # when using ensure => present and source => ... but it will not when using
       # ensure => present and content => ...; this is somewhat confusing behavior
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+          file { '#{basedir}':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+          file { '#{basedir}/file':
+            ensure => link,
+            target => '#{basedir}/dangling',
+          }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
+
       pp = <<-EOS
-        file { '#{basedir}/file':
-          content => "file exists\n"
-        }
-        file { '{basedir}/dangling':
-          ensure => link,
-          target => File['#{basedir}/file'],
-        }
         concat { '#{basedir}/file':
           replace => true,
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
-          require => File['{basedir}/dangling'],
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_file }
         it { should contain '1' }
         it { should contain '2' }
       end
     end
   end # symlink
 
   context 'directory' do
     context 'should not succeed' do
+      before(:all) do
+        pp = <<-EOS
+          file { '#{basedir}':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+          file { '#{basedir}/file':
+            ensure => directory,
+          }
+        EOS
+        apply_manifest(pp)
+      end
       pp = <<-EOS
         concat { '#{basedir}/file': }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with stderr for changing to file' do
         expect(apply_manifest(pp, :expect_failures => true).stderr).to match(/change from directory to file failed/)
         expect(apply_manifest(pp, :expect_failures => true).stderr).to match(/change from directory to file failed/)
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_directory }
       end
     end
 
     # XXX concat's force param currently enables the creation of empty files
     # when there are no fragments, and the replace param will only replace
     # files and symlinks, not directories.  The semantics either need to be
     # changed, extended, or a new param introduced to control directory
     # replacement.
     context 'should succeed', :pending => 'not yet implemented' do
       pp = <<-EOS
         concat { '#{basedir}/file':
           force => true,
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '1':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '1',
         }
 
         concat::fragment { '2':
           target  => '#{basedir}/file',
           content => '2',
         }
       EOS
 
       it 'applies the manifest twice with no stderr' do
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_failures => true)
         apply_manifest(pp, :catch_changes => true)
       end
 
       describe file("#{basedir}/file") do
         it { should be_file }
         it { should contain '1' }
       end
     end
   end # directory
 end